How did the University of Chicago survive the Manifest
Destruction of black migrants to the south side of Chicago?
Only through the creation of a private security force – some
say the second largest private police in the world to only that of the one found
in Vatican City to guard the Papacy – was the U of Chicago able to keep the
school in the south side of the city.
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| Yeah, Tom Buchanan was right about the 'rising tide of color' stuff |
A greater culture
of safety and protection can be traced to the University’s role in urban
renewal in Hyde Park and Kenwood and the creation of the South East Chicago
Commission (SECC) in 1952. The 1950s saw a greater concern in safety in the
area, as neighborhood residents grew increasingly concerned with the state of
dilapidated buildings and unsavory businesses. “In February of
‘52, there was a faculty wife assaulted and robbed on the Midway,” said Mason,
who also served as the executive director of the SECC from 1982 to 2009. “That
seemed to be the straw that broke the camel’s back. Numerous faculty members
and senior staff members went in to see the Chancellor…and de- manded that
something be done. Either move the University out of this horrible area or do
something to clean [it] up.”
The institution of force was the primary mechanism to save
the university; this same mechanism was instituted in Detroit (Stop the
Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets – STRESS), but it failed because the city had
already been abandoned by too many of the people whose blood had helped build
it.
White people.
White flight.
Robert Beauregard’s Voices of Decline: The Postwar Fate of US Cities
includes a powerful quote about why cities shouldn’t be abandoned. William
Zeckendorf, president of the real estate firm of Webb & Knapp believed “too
much had been invested in the cities to abandon them.”
Lecturing in 1951 at
the Harvard School Design, he said: “How can we keep cities that represent the
toil and sweat and invested labor and capital of generations from becoming
ghost towns.”
He would close his
talk by saying, “I don’t believe that cities are lost unless we are prepared to
abandon them.” (p. 118)
Detroit was lost, because the people whose ancestors had
toiled, sweated and invested their labor - and the capital of generations - to
build, abandoned it.
But back to the University of Chicago.
In Jon C. Teaford’s “The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization
in America, 1940-1985,” we learn the demise of the south side of Chicago
predated the institution of Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” – meaning the
blame for the dysfunction blacks brought to Chicago can’t be placed upon
social/welfare programs.
In a short period of time, Teaford makes clear the leaders of the U of
Chicago would have to enact decisions to save their university from the coming
of the Black Undertow:
At first the area’s
dominant institution, the University of Chicago, refused to cooperate with the
conference, but by 1952 worsening neighborhood conditions were causing a loss
of faculty and students, thus requiring the university to intervene. A
community activist reported that the trustees and administrators were “forced
to admit that if they didn’t engage in community action, they might end up with
a $200,000,000 investment in a slum, without anybody to do research or any
students to educate.” Responding to the problem, the university was
instrumental in organizing and funding the South East Chicago Commission headed
by the university’s president. The commission stepped up pressure on the city
to halt illegal conversions [illegal conversions of single-family dwellings
into apartments and the threat of white flight as blacks moved into the area was
the catalyst for the creation of the Hyde Park-Kenwood Community Conference],
and the university’s private police force patrolled Hyde Park, supplementing
the inadequate municipal protection. (p. 118)
From “The Metropolitan
Revolution: The Rise of Post-Urban America” we get an even clearer picture of
how the University of Chicago was saved from the very threat F. Scott
Fitzgerald’s supercilious character, Tom Buchanan from “The Great Gatsby,”
warned about when he quoted ‘Goddard’:
Meanwhile, the
University of Chicago was embarking on an even more ambitious program dedicated
to saving its neighborhood for the middle class. Located in the Hyde Park
district of Chicago’s South Side adjacent to Bronzeville, the university was in
the path of the expanding African American community; by the late 1940s, an
invasion of poor blacks seemed imminent. Responding to this threat, in 1952 the
university established the South East Chicago Commission, which drafted a plan
for spot clearance of the area’s most blighted structures and rehabilitation or
conservation of the remaining buildings. The idea was to eliminate dilapidated
housing with rents affordable to low-income blacks and upgrade or preserve the
remaining dwelling units for middle-class occupants.
In 1955 demolition
began, and the following year the commission secured approval for $26 million
in federal urban renewal funds. The neighborhood was not to be lily-white;
middle-class blacks were not to be excluded. But Hyde Park was to remain a
bastion against lower-class invaders. One comedian joked: “This is Hyde Park,
whites and blacks shoulder to shoulder against the lower class.”
The measures to keep the University of Chicago safe from the
black underclass – only attracted to Chicago, as they were Detroit, for the
economic opportunities white people created – predate the introduction of the
“Great Society” of the 1960s by a decade.
But that doesn’t compute.
Weren’t black people on the verge of becoming the model
minority in America before then? Then why did the University of Chicago have to
take such drastic steps to remain in the south side of Chicago as the entire
community went black?
What seems like a throw-away line in Fitzgerald’s “The Great
Gatsby” has lasting permanence when you consider the culture blacks brought to
the south side of Chicago that the University of Chicago effectively fought
against:
“The idea is if we
don’t look out the white race will be – will be utterly submerged. It’s all
scientific stuff; it’s been proved.” “We’ve got to beat
them down,” whispered Daisy, winking ferociously toward the fervent sun.
The Vatican has the largest private police in the world,
with the task of protecting the Pope, Vatican City, and the Cardinals of the
Catholic Church; the second largest private police force in the world, found in
the south side of Chicago, is still tasked with protecting the students,
administrators, and faculty from… the rising tide of color that gave it its
birth.
All of which was prior
to the institution of the Great Society…
Tom Buchanan was right, and the University of Chicago took
his advice in fortifying the school from the rising tide of color that utterly
submerged most of the south side of Chicago in a cocoon of violence, misery,
and vice.
All of which was prior
to the institution of the Great Society…